The production of illuminated manuscripts, however, seems to have taken time to develop-picking up only toward the end of the 10th century. Just as Charlemagne and his successors cultivated learning and the production of manuscripts, so too did the Ottonians. As emperors, the Ottonians looked back not only to Imperial Rome, but also to the model established by the Carolingian empire. This transformation was marked by the imperial coronation of Otto I, son of Henry I, which took place in 962 at St. This dynasty, known as the Ottonians after their penchant for the name Otto, succeeded in transforming a kingdom into an empire by bringing northern Italy under their authority. This man, Henry I (also called Henry the Fowler), was a duke of Saxony, and his election as king of East Francia in 919 essentially established a new line of rulers that would continue to hold power in the region for more than a century. Despite the challenges posed by crumbling political structures and repeated foreign incursions (Vikings from the north and Magyar attacks from the east), one such duke was particularly effective at building alliances and establishing stability in the region. After the collapse of the Carolingian empire in the 880s, the east Frankish kingdom (roughly equivalent to modern-day Germany with parts of Switzerland, Belgium, and the Netherlands) experienced a period of pronounced instability in which political authority became largely decentralized in the hands of local dukes.
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